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Clinical and Socio-Demographic Variables Associated With Long COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study

Zohreh Mahmoodi, Giti Bahrami, […], Ehsan Shahrestanaki, Hamed Seddighi, and Nooshin Ghavidel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1511-3772 [email protected]+2View all authors and affiliations

Volume 32, Issue 6

https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738231177395

Abstract
Data availability statement
References
Biographies

Abstract

Considering the importance of long COVID-19 (LC), this study aimed to investigate the relationship between clinical/sociodemographic factors and LC symptoms (LCS). This online cross-sectional study was conducted on 308 people infected with COVID-19 in Alborz, Iran, from April 1 to June 1, 2022. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to measure the association between the LCS with other variables. Overall, 76.6% of participants had at least one LCS. Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that females (crude odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 2.725 [1.42, 5.22]), educated persons (3.747 [1.58, 8.84]), people with a higher number of COVID-19 reinfection (2.280 [1.30, 3.97]), having an underlying disease (1.996 [1.01, 3.93]), and COVID-19 severity (3.321 [1.037, 10.635]) had higher odds of LC than others (all p < .05). Study findings provide additional clinical/sociodemographic data on risk for LC. These data may inform future research and clinical practice for potential risk identification and early intervention.

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Data availability statement

The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Biographies

Zohreh Mahmoodi, associate professor, PhD in social determinants of health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

Giti Bahrami, assistant professor, PhD in health and social welfare, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

Ehsan Shahrestanaki, candidate for epidemiology, researcher in the noncommunication research center, Alborz University of Medical Science.

Hamed Seddighi, PhD, postdoctoral researcher, department of clinical psychology and experimental psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Nooshin Ghavidel, MD and PhD in neuroscience, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

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